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4.3電化學(xué)（陽(yáng)極）清洗

Electrochemical (anodic) cleaning

  受紅銹污染的不銹鋼表面的電化學(xué)（陽(yáng)極）清潔基于電拋光的概念。

     Electrochemical (anodic) cleaning of stainless steel surfaces contaminated with rouging is based on the concept of electropolishing.

  作為電鍍過(guò)程的相反面，電拋光使用適合的電解液和直流電，以電解金屬氧化的方式通過(guò)直流電從作為陽(yáng)極的工件表面去除μm級(jí)的材料（金屬原子）。

     As a reversal of the electroplating process, electropolishing uses a suitable electrolyte and an application of direct current to remove material (metal atoms) on the μm scale from a workpiece surface, which serves as the anode, by means of electrolytic metal oxidation.

  電化學(xué)去除過(guò)程可以成功地和可重復(fù)地應(yīng)用于浸入浴方法和合適的擦拭技術(shù)中（作為一個(gè)移動(dòng)版本）。在這些受控電化學(xué)處理中，不銹鋼腔室的表面質(zhì)量條件在腐蝕性能和清潔性方面得到了顯著改善。

    Electrochemical removal processes can be applied successfully and reproducibly in both an immersion bath method and in a suitable wiping technique (as a mobile version). The qualitative surface conditions of stainless steel chambers in terms of corrosion behaviour and cleanability are significantly improved in these controlled electrochemical treatments.

  在實(shí)際實(shí)施任何具體的在線清潔措施之前，設(shè)備操作員、設(shè)備制造商和電拋光專家的技術(shù)人員一起召開(kāi)工程會(huì)議，規(guī)劃技術(shù)、相關(guān)安全和組織程序，并討論必要的準(zhǔn)備工作。

    Before any specific on-site cleaning measures are actually carried out, the equipment operator, equipment manufacturer and the technicians from the electropolishing specialist come together in an engineering meeting to plan the technical, safety-related and organisational procedure and discuss the necessary preparations.

  負(fù)責(zé)工作安全和衛(wèi)生的運(yùn)行方代表也參與準(zhǔn)備工作，并由電拋光專家提供必要的數(shù)據(jù)和信息。

    Operator representatives in charge of work safety and hygiene are also involved in the preparations, and are given the necessary data and information by the electropolishing specialist.

  由于需要進(jìn)行的所有工作都需要被提前安裝的薄膜外殼完全隔離（見(jiàn)圖13），因此該措施可以在不中斷MPPU/CSSD操作的情況下在滅菌室上進(jìn)行，并且使用其他設(shè)備可以確保無(wú)菌物品的完全持續(xù)供應(yīng)。

   Because all of the work that needs to be performed is completely isolated by film enclosures installed ahead of time (see Figure 13), this measure can be carried out on a sterilization chamber without interrupting MPPU/CSSD operations, and a full continued supply of sterile goods can be ensured using the other devices.

  電化學(xué)清洗包括使用可移動(dòng)臂式搗固裝置結(jié)合羊毛狀織物物體和嵌入的陰極，和合適的電解液可控地潤(rùn)濕內(nèi)部表面。在作為陽(yáng)極的腔室表面的指定工作區(qū)域，通過(guò)電化學(xué)氧化（=電拋光）在受控電陽(yáng)極/陰極電場(chǎng)中，從表面的材料在5-10μm的范圍移除取決于時(shí)間的長(zhǎng)短。

    Electrochemical cleaning involves a controlled wetting of the interior surfaces with a suitable electrolyte using a mobile hand tamping unit in combination with a fleece body and an embedded cathode. In the designated working area of the chamber surface serving as the anode, a time-dependant targeted removal of material from the surface takes place on the scale of 5–10 μm in a controlled electrical anode/cathode field by means of electrochemical oxidation (= electropolishing).

圖13a:使用電化學(xué)（陽(yáng)極）清潔對(duì)室內(nèi)表面進(jìn)行現(xiàn)場(chǎng)修復(fù)

On-site rehabilitation of an interior surface on a chamber using electrochemical (anodic) cleaning

圖13b:工作空間劃分 Workspace partitioning

  電拋光過(guò)程確保所有的薄層或殘留物都被小心地從不銹鋼表面去除，而不會(huì)留下任何殘留物。此外，幾乎與目標(biāo)電化學(xué)物質(zhì)去除的同時(shí)，還可以對(duì)表面進(jìn)行微觀平整（降低表面粗糙度）。因此，根據(jù)材料的特性（原始表面），人們通常可以期望看到表面質(zhì)量在耐腐蝕性方面的顯著改善。

      The electropolishing process ensures that all films or residues are carefully removed from the stainless steel surface without leaving behind any residues. In addition, and virtually at the same time as the targeted electrochemical material removal, a micro-smoothing of the surface (reduction of surface roughness) also takes place. As a result of this, and depending on the material characteristics (of the original surface), one can usually expect to see a significant improve- ment in surface quality with regard to corrosion-resistance.

圖14:表面輪廓前（深藍(lán)色地形）后（淺藍(lán)色地形）的示意圖[4]

Figure 14: Schematic illustration of the surface contour before (dark blue topography) and after (light blue topography) [4]

  在應(yīng)用電化學(xué)物質(zhì)去除和不銹鋼表面無(wú)殘留清洗之后，隨后使用符合DIN EN 285（給水）規(guī)范的水進(jìn)行沖洗步驟。在接下來(lái)的工作步驟中，通過(guò)濕化學(xué)鈍化的方式建立了鈍化層。在最后一步中，用符合DINEN285規(guī)范的水（給水）徹底沖洗腔室，并測(cè)量電導(dǎo)以監(jiān)測(cè)清洗過(guò)程，清洗溶液的所有剩余痕跡都是安全和經(jīng)驗(yàn)證已去除。

     After the applied electrochemical material removal and the resulting residue-free cleaning of the stainless steel surface, a rinsing step is subsequently carried out with water that meets the specifications of DIN EN 285 (feed water). In the work step that then follows, the passive layer is built up by means of wet-chemical passivation. In a final step involving a thorough rinsing of the chamber with water that meets DIN EN 285 specifications (feed water) and the measurement of electrical conductance to monitor the rinsing progress, all remaining traces of the cleaning solution are safely and verifiably removed.

  在整個(gè)過(guò)程中，所有的處理參數(shù)，如清洗前后的表面粗糙度、溫度、pH和溶液的電導(dǎo)率，都被詳細(xì)記錄下來(lái)。一旦設(shè)備制造商對(duì)設(shè)備功能重新認(rèn)證合格，蒸汽滅菌器可以在大約1-2天的總處理時(shí)間后完全交給客戶再次使用。

    Throughout the entire procedure, all treatment parameters, such as surface roughness before and after cleaning, temperatures, pH and electrical conductance of the solutions, are documented in detail. Once the apparatus has been functionally re-qualified by the equipment manufacturer, the steam sterilizer can be completely handed over to the customer for use again after a total treatment time of approx. 1–2 days.

圖15a和15b：電化學(xué)（陽(yáng)極）清洗前（左）后（右）的蒸汽滅菌器

Figures 15a and 15b: Steam sterilizer before (left) and after electrochemical (anodic) cleaning (right)